Hay muchas cosas que se pueden aprender del narcotráfico. Es un sector que ha aprendido a identificar los mercados y crear la logística para atenderlos. Desafortunadamente, están en un cultivo nocivo para la salud, pero esa misma lógica es la que hay que aprender para el campo.
Aquí la fuente.
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Szczupider, who had been a volunteer at the center, told me: “Her presence, and loss, was palpable, and resonated throughout the group. The management at Sanaga-Yong opted to let Dorothy's chimpanzee family witness her burial, so that perhaps they would understand, in their own capacity, that Dorothy would not return. Some chimps displayed aggression while others barked in frustration. But perhaps the most stunning reaction was a recurring, almost tangible silence. If one knows chimpanzees, then one knows that [they] are not [usually] silent creatures."
This buttoned-down city on the Mexican border feels like a boomtown these days, as entrepreneurs fleeing drug violence in Ciudad Juárez head across the Rio Grande to open hip clubs and hot restaurants here.
The violence in Mexico has provided an unexpected economic boost to El Paso, a city of more than 600,000 residents at the westernmost tip of Texas. The unemployment rate here was 9.8% in September, equal to the national average but far lower than in other border towns such as Brownsville and McAllen.
Cindy Ramos-Davidson, chief executive of the El Paso Hispanic Chamber of Commerce, said her staff was swamped with requests from Juárez businesspeople wanting to settle in El Paso. They started more than 200 companies in the 12 months ended July 31, a 40% jump from the same period last year.
What we have heard loud and clear is that the Battle of the Sexes is over. It is a draw. Now we're engaged in Negotiation Between the Sexes.
Virtually all married couples told the pollsters they're negotiating the rules of their relationships, work, and family. An overwhelming majority of both men and women said they're sitting down at their kitchen tables to coordinate their family's schedules, duties, and responsibilities, including child care and elder care, at least two to three times a week. Men said it was more like every day!
Relationships these days are different. The woman you commit to today may have the same name and Social Security number as the woman you are with tomorrow, but she may want completely different things in her life at different times in your life with her. The only remaining rule seems to be: Stay flexible.
Partiendo del hecho de que no hay impuestos perfectos, estos objetivos pueden lograrse mediante un impuesto al consumo –un IVA- con tasas más bajas pero homogéneas (en lugar del 16, el 10 por ciento); la adopción del IETU para las personas morales y la adopción de un ISR a las personas físicas con una tasa impositiva que grave la diferencia entre los ingresos globales menos un monto fijo equivalente a la línea de pobreza de manera que los que tienen menos ingresos paguen proporcionalmente menos impuestos.
Por último, es un hecho que el gobierno requiere más recursos y que la pérdida de los ingresos petroleros derivados de nuestra dependencia histórica al sector está causando estragos en las finanzas públicas. Pero el Congreso debería mostrar más determinación –semejante a la que mostró Felipe Calderón Hinojosa liquidando Compañía de Luz y Fuerza del Centro- y enfrentar los grupos de interés y diseñar un sistema fiscal que haga más competitiva la economía del país.
La decisión que hoy ratificará el pleno de la Cámara de Diputados me parece desafortunada, no solo por el aumento de las tasas impositivas, sino principalmente porque desaprovecha otra oportunidad para modificar un sistema fiscal que, en su diseño, en su raíz, no beneficia al país.
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Since "everybody's property is nobody's property," how is it that there are so many cases where collectives of ordinary people with no education and with none of the economists' knowledge of "the tragedy of the commons," in fact discover ingenious rules (institutions) for taking the "tragedy" out of a productive resource they hold in common?
If you read her book you will find among the diversity of examples a Swiss village whose people have private property in the plots they plant and harvest, but also have a communal summer meadow for grazing their cows. One rule, still enforced, dating back to 1517 states that "no citizen could send more cows to the alp than he could feed during the winter." Wintering a cow is costly, and this rule rations access to the commons by tying it to private property rights. Numerous other examples include Japanese lands held by thousands in common under governance structures that avoided "tragedy;" also ancient solutions to communal water and irrigation systems that create effective enough private rights conferring benefits and costs that constrain use.
This should not be too surprising, because "property (originally propriety) rights" are about human rights and the challenge of defining them incentive-compatibly for mutual benefit...
Aquí el resto del artículo Governing the Commons del Premio Nobel de Economía 2002 Vernon Smith (y anteriormente profesor de George Mason University).
When economists show that market arrangements fail, they usually make the simple recommendation that “the” state should take care of these problems. Elinor Ostrom has demonstrated empirically that “the” state may not be “the” solution. Her work argues for the wisdom of institutional diversity, looking to individuals to solve problems rather than relying on top down, one-size-fits-all solutions...
Aquí el resto del artículo Elinor Ostrom on the Market, the State, and the Third Sector de Paul Dragus (Mercatus Center).
Ms Ostrom has concentrated on a different aspect of economic governance. She has spent her life studying how human societies manage common resources such as forests, rivers, pastures or wildlife. Just as with public goods, it is difficult to prevent people from using the commons. But unlike public goods, and like private ones, what one person takes leaves less for others. Economic theory then predicts that rational individuals will overuse these resources.
Economists have tended to emphasise property rights as a solution to the problem of managing common resources. Typically that involves either privatisation or putting the resource in government hands. But Ms Ostrom, who is a political scientist by training, spent much of her early career studying how communities managed such common resources. She found that groups of people tended to have complex sets of rules, norms and penalties to ensure that such resources were used sustainably. Such self-governance often worked well.
Aquí el resto del artículo de The Economist.
The work of Elinor Ostrom, the first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in economics, is not very well-known among economists. In fact, I would venture the guess than most economists had not heard of her before the prize was announced yesterday morning. Two reasons for this are that her degree is in political science and she has written for publications outside of the mainstream economics journals. Additionally, her work, by and large, lacks the high degree of mathematical formalism now so characteristic of economics...
Aquí el resto del comentario de Mark Rizzo, Elinor Ostrom and the Relevance of Economics.
There was an old tradition of economics that focused on the origins and nature of economic institutions. This tradition was very influential before World War II. But it proved not at all helpful during the Great Depression. My caricature version is that when the Depression hit, institutional economics, asked for advice about what to do, replied that well, it’s all very complicated, and has deep historical roots, and … Meanwhile, Keynesian economists, using very simple mathematical models, basically said “Push this button — we need more G”.
And this had a somewhat perverse effect. The rise of Keynesian economics also meant the rise of the equations guys (Samuelson in particular), and in the end the equations crowded out institutional economics even as Keynes fell into disfavor. But the questions didn’t go away. And institutional economics has been making a quiet comeback for the past several decades.
Aquí el resto del comentario de Paul Krugman, An Institutional Economics Prize.
Economists who have become addicted to skyhooks, who think that they are doing deep theory but are really just assuming their conclusions, find it hard to even understand what it would mean to make the rules that humans follow the object of scientific inquiry. If we fail to explore rules in greater depth, economists will have little to say about the most pressing issues facing humans today – how to improve the quality of bad rules that cause needless waste, harm, and suffering.
Cheers to the Nobel committee for recognizing work on one of the deepest issues in economics. Bravo to the political scientist who showed that she was a better economist than the economic imperialists who can’t tell the difference between assuming and understanding.
Aquí el resto del comentario de Paul Romer, Skyhooks versus Cranes: The Nobel Prize for Elinor Ostrom.
Stephen von Worley, responsable del blog Weather Sealed, mientras manejaba por la carretera interestatal 5 de los Estados Unidos (que cruza California) se preguntó que tanta distancia tenía que recorrer una persona en su país para encontrarse con un McDonald's.
Para contestar su duda, consiguió una base de datos georeferenciados con la ubicación de los 13 mil restaurantes de esta marca y con ella hizo, según sus dichos, 'acrobacias' estadísticas.
El mapa de arriba es el resultado.
Como era de esperarse, McDonald's tiende a concentrarse en los centros urbanos y a lo largo de las carreteras importantes. Según la imagen, uno debe recorrer mayores distancias en el oeste norteamericano (el desierto de Nevada, las montañas de Oregon, el valle del río Salmon en Idaho y el altiplano de Dakota del Sur) para encontrarse con los famosos arcos amarillos. Es interesante notar que el río Mississippi da la impresión de ser un obstáculo natural (hacia la izquierda dispersos, hacia la derecha concentrados los McDonald's).
Por si te preguntas, la mayor distancia entre McDonald's en los Estados Unidos es aproximadamente 170 kilómetros entre los condados de Meadow y Glad Valley en Dakota del Sur.
Aquí la fuente y su interesante explicación.
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